John Updike

Eliana Orosco Mrs. King Composition II 8 March 2013 A&P John Updike was a prolific writer of novels, short stories, essays, poems, and children’s tale. In the early stories such as â€Å"A&P† John Updike uses memories from his childhood and teenage years. For the sort of â€Å"small† scenes and stories for which he quickly became famous for (Updike 233). Updike uses the elements of setting, mood, and characters to illustrate the theme of a rebellious generation in the short fiction story â€Å"A&P†.The setting of the â€Å"A&P† takes place in a small town north of Boston around 1960. Sammy needs a sympathetic listener (or reader), someone who will grasp the meaning he is constructing for himself as he puts his actions into narrative order. Collapsing past and present in rapid yet reflective colloquial speech, Sammy tells how three teenage girls, barefoot, in bathing suits, came into the A & P store to make a purchase. As they move through the aisles , Sammy, from his work station, first ogles them and then idealizes the prettiest and most confident of the three.He names her, to himself, â€Å"Queenie†; and though he jokes with his fellow cashier about the girls' sexiness, he is quietly disgusted by the butcher's frankly lustful gaze as the girls search for what they want to buy. Worse is his manager's puritanical rebuke for their beach attire as Queenie pays Sammy for her purchase. Outraged that his manager, Lengel, has made â€Å"that pretty girl blush† and wanting to demonstrate his refusal of such demeaning authority, Sammy quits his job on the spot.Though the girls leave without recognizing their hero, and though his manager tries to dissuade him from disappointing his parents, Sammy feels â€Å"that once you begin a gesture, it's fatal not to go through with it† (196). He acts decisively, but the girls have disappeared from the parking lot by the time he exits the store. In practical terms, Sammy's act ion has gained him nothing and cost him everything, but his narrative affirms his gesture as a liberating form of dissent, (M.Gilbert Porter discusses Sammy's dissent as Emersonian nonconformity: Porter 1155-58. ) Sammy does not see how he could have done otherwise, though he finds himself at odds with the only society he knows, sure that â€Å"the world will be hard to me, hereafter† (Updike 238). The time of year in the story illustrates the old generation versus a new generation. The narrator states that the way the young ladies were dressed isn’t normally how they dress in the â€Å"A;P† a very respectable supermarket.Sammy notices everyone’s expression towards the girls while they walk the aisles like when he says, â€Å"The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle-the girls were walking against traffic (not that we have one-way signs or anything) were pretty hilarious. You could see them, when Queenie’s white shoulders dawned on them, kind o f jerk, or hop, or hiccup, but their eyes snapped back to their own baskets and on they pushed† (Updike 235).Another way the regular customers were so shocked how Queenie and her friends were dressed they had to take a second glare at them, â€Å"A few house slaves in pin curlers even looked around pushing their carts past to make sure what they had seen was correct. † (Updike 235). The mood of the story is informal/rebellious that it illustrates that the â€Å"A;P† is an uptight supermarket and everything has to be done the right way. Like for example when Sammy rings an item up twice and he gets chewed out by one of the customers, â€Å"I ring it up again and the customer starts giving me hell.She is one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made her day to trip me up† (Updike 234). Mr. Lengel the manager at the â€Å"A;P† was the first to mention to Queenie and her friends that their attire was not acceptable in the supermarket by saying, â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach. Girls, I don’t want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. It’s our policy† (Updike 237). The characters in the short story illustrates the different rebellious moments in the story.Like for example, when Queenie shows the reader she doesn’t care what people think about her or has to say when she enters the supermarket with a two piece bikini, â€Å"Walking to the A;P with your straps down, I suppose it’s the only kind of face you can have. She held her head so high her neck, coming up out of those white shoulders, looked kind of stretched† (Updike 235). When Sammy tells Mr. Lengel, â€Å"You didn’t have to embarrass them† (Updike 238). With Mr. Lengel replying to him, â€Å"It was they who embarrassing us† (238).Then Sammy quits by pulling the bow at the back of the apron and sta rt shrugging it off his shoulders. When Sammy quits his job is also a rebellious moment because he quits to show the girls he stands up for them but when he does there is no one to thank him for his heroic moment. Sammy finally realizes that â€Å"the world will be hard to me, hereafter† (Updike 238) for the decision he had made for sticking up for people he really didn’t know. What I learned while reading the story is that with every decision there is consequences.Speaking up for someone may not always be the wrong or right thing to do. When you want to speak your own mind and defend someone you should be ready for the consequences coming after. Work Cited John Updike â€Å"A;P. † Compact Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mendall. Compact 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013. 234-38. Print. Saldivar, Toni. â€Å"The Art of John Updike's ‘A & P'. † Studies in Short Fiction 34. 2 (1997): 215. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 Mar. 2013.

Trisha Knowles

Show your work. She will continue to lose weight and her muscles and body will shrink. Overall Assessment: Discuss overall implications of IBM and any energy imbalance on overall health. Skipping meals gives the body energy imbalance and doesn't give it the types of energy to perform what you need your body to do. Pushing the body to its limits can end up in some nasty situations.Analyze food choices Is the client getting enough of each of the designated food groups? No because they don't eat any fruits in their diet and way too many vegetables. She eats a little too much protein but she also needs calcium and some more grains and wheat in her body as well. How does consumption of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and sodium compare to recommended values? Because they all work in the body to perform certain task to help it functions properly. Not feeding the body the right mount and the right foods hinders the body.Propose ways to bring the energy input and output in line with Trash's he alth goals. Describe final recommendations to improve Trash's overall health and help her regain energy and strength. How should Trash alter her eating habits and her activity? Link your recommendations to her personal health history and her family history. She should add more fruits and dairy products lessen the proteins and vegetables to where she doesn't get things like high blood pressure.

Korea Nuclear Weapons And the six party talks

Just recently, North Korean President King Jong Il proudly proclaimed the success of his government’s underground testing of their first-ever nuclear weapon in the barren hinterlands of the his reclusive country. Western countries, led by the United States, quickly condemned the move as an imminent threat to the security of the Korean peninsula and the international political system in general, especially in the light of the withdrawal of North Korea from the six-party talks negotiating the shutdown of North Korea’s nuclear facilities.On the other hand, the nuclear testing was hailed overwhelmingly by anti-imperialist states around the globe, led by Venezuela and Cuba, and anti-imperialist movements comprising mostly of Marxist parties of every sort, such as the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Communist Party of India-Maoist. It was seen as a triumph of the Korean people against the intense political pressure by US imperialism to bring the North Korean govern ment to its knees on all fronts – militarily and economically.Nonetheless, while the North Korean government was euphoric over its success, it earned the ire of the general international community through the United Nations that sweeping economic sanctions were imposed such as strict inspection of cargo shipments entering North Korean territory, notwithstanding the long-standing implied trade embargo by scores of countries around the world. Actually, the Korean peninsula has been the perennial site of unending geopolitical tensions in the East Asian region since the Korean War in the fifties. This paper will examine the nature of the six-party talks and North Korean brinksmanship in the context of North Korea’s acquisition of nuclear weapons.The Six-Party TalksThe Six-Party Talks include the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea’s official name), South Korea, United States, Russia, Japan, and the People’s Republic of China, whose essential goal has been the peaceful and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. The talks were launched primarily due to the refusal of the United States to foster bilateral talks with the DPRK due to the latter’s breach of a 1994 Framework Agreement. Moreover, it contained economic commitments by the member states to the DPRK, in terms aiding its energy requirements for as long as the DPRK abandons its nuclear program, particularly its pursuit of nuclear weapons. On the other hand, the United States and its allies formally assured the DPRK that it shall not result to acts of aggression against the reclusive country and seek alternative ways in resolving the diplomatic issues with the DPRK.According to Dr. Edberto Villegas (personal communication, 2007), a political economist of the University of the Philippines specializing of socialist politics, the Six-Party talks was formed not only to stabilize the threat of the DPRK against the United States and South Kor ea, but to secure the geopolitical interests of the member states as well. Japanese participation in the talks is very important as the DPRK has time and again threatened Japan, due to historic tensions since the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula a century ago and continues even up to the present, especially as Japan is now seen as a reliable ally of the United States in enforcing its foreign policies in the region. China is also interested in the talks as it is within its national interest that the Korean peninsula is stable to prevent the undocumented and illegal migration of North Koreans to Chinese territories. (globalsecurity.org, 2007)North Korean BrinksmanshipIn international politics, the DPRK and its leader, Kim Jong Il, has been adjudged the master of nuclear brinksmanship in securing economic and military concessions from world powers, including the United States. As the DPRK knows fully well its geopolitical handicap, it continually breaches international agreeme nts in supposed pursuit and assertion of its national interest and sovereignty, especially when it deliberately withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and insisted on producing nuclear weapons for its defense against perceptions of a conspiracy by the United States forcibly overthrow the Kim Jong Il regime by force.According Villegas (personal communication, 2007), the DPRK fully believes that only by building up its military capability, particularly nuclear power, can the DPRK secure substantial concessions from world powers, consistent with the Maoist maxim of political power emerging from the barrel of a gun. These concessions, however, are not entirely of a military or diplomatic character, but usually in terms of economic aid, as the DPRK continues to battle years of infertile agricultural lands and famine that has led to the deaths and exodus of thousands of North Koreans.As can be seen from the recent nuclear testing in the hinterlands of North Korea, the world, w hile united in its condemnation of the act, has acceded, to a certain extent, to the demands of the North Korean government such as the release of its $25 million frozen assets in Macau and the delivery of more economic aid from developed nations. Nonetheless, it can be surmised that the actuations of the DPRK and the flaunting of its military might are not exactly aimed at threatening the world, especially South Korea, Japan and the United States, but only to secure adequate leverage for political and economic agreements which would not have been possible if the DPRK acted otherwise. More so, the DPRK are not that ignorant of the military history of the world to foolishly start military aggressions against perceived enemy states, knowing fully well the superior military power of the United States and its allies. (personal communication, 2007)However, in order to fully understand the North Korean nuclear question, the DPRK strategy of Songun politics must be examined. According to H an of the Unification Institute in New York, the DPRK views the relationship of the DPRK and the United States not as co-equal states in international law but as opposing and antagonistic entities representing the conflict between imperialism and socialism, in which peaceful coexistence is never possible.King Jong Il believes that all of these are part of the efforts of the DPRK to foist an ideological confrontation against the United States and secure the socialist gains in the Korean peninsula (Han, 2003) More so, the Songun politics of the DPRK involves the building of a strong revolutionary army to save the North Korean socialist system from collapse, over and above the necessity of putting adequate food on the tables of the Korean people. Such an utterly militarist mindset is a big departure from the classical Marxist theory of empowering the working class and the withering away of the state, leading foreign policy experts to believe that King Jong Il’s brinksmanship is merely to ensure the survival of his family’s hold on the entire North Korean political system. (globalsecurity.org) Nonetheless, the military outcome of policies like these has been very effective in forcing the international community to stand at attention and listen to the demands, even blackmail, of the DPRK.Conclusion: The World and the Way ForwardThe Korean nuclear question has given the United States and the international community a terrible political headache which all must continually confront until the threat of the DPRK has been conclusively neutralized.   While it is true that independent nations such as the DPRK must assert its national sovereignty at all times against external threats, particularly imperialist countries, the manner by which the reclusive regime of King Jong Il has been conducting the defense of its homeland and revolution borders on a subjective revolutionary hysteria which the rulers of the DPRK are exploiting to the prejudice of the welfare of its people.There are many other ways to confront modern imperialism which are no less revolutionary, such as the strides achieved by the Venezuelan and Cuban governments in their experiment with socialism without adversely affecting the lives of their people. As such, it is clearly the responsibility of the international community to diplomatically convince the DPRK to gradually embrace the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and cease using military blackmail as a ruse to secure concessions from world powers. An outright denuclearization policy as suggested by the United States and Japan might be totally unrealistic at present, and might even provoke the DPRK further. The path to a lasting peace in the Korean peninsula is an arduous one which can only be confronted if the world itself is prepared to build confidence with the DPRK that aggression against the communist country is none of the options considered to resolve the long-standing diplomatic dispute on nuclear weapon s.Works Cited:Han, Ho-sok. Songun Politics of North Korea & the Situation on the Korean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peninsula. Songun Politics Study Group. Sept. 8, 2003. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/songunpoliticsstudygroup/Songuninterview.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   l on April 17, 2007. Six-Party Talks. GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/6-party.htm on April 16, 2007. Villegas, Edberto. Email Interview. April 14, 2007.

Sources of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sources of Finance - Essay Example The equity market (also known as the stock market) is the market for trading equity instruments (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2005). Shares are the securities issued to the general public and its ownership implies business ownership.There are two different types of shares: Equity shares and Preference shares (Finance.mapsofworld.com, 2013). One of the examples of the equity instrument is common stock shares, publicly traded on national and global Stock exchanges (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2005). Debts are the financial instruments traded for a long period of time. Example of debt instruments are mortgages and bonds (either corporate or government) (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2005). Loans are granted by Banks, insurance companies or financial institutions in order to provide working capital or finance capital equipment (Term loan, 2006). Various banks including commercial banks, industrial development banks, and cooperative banks give medium-term loans for a period of 3-5 years (Finance.mapsofworld.com, 2013). Financial institutions established by State and Central governments give long term loans (Finance.mapsofworld.com, 2013). In order to get long term loan the company is required to limit dividends, to meet minimum working capital and debt to net, etc. (Term loan, 2006). If the company is granted the loan, it is amortized over a fixed period of time (Term loan, 2006). Loans as a source of long-term financing have some obvious benefits to the borrowers, as the principal and interest are the figures that can be calculated and planned in budget. Also, the duration of the business relationship is defined in the contract and normally ends when the debt is paid out (National Federation of Independent Business, 2009). Equity financing allows a business entity to acquire funds without generating debt obligations. When the company issues shares usually there is no debt burden on the company

Human Computer Interaction Privacy Issues Assignment

Human Computer Interaction Privacy Issues - Assignment Example HCI’s roots were in cognitive-oriented, single-user interfaces referred to as user interface. Since then, HCI has expanded considering a range of subareas – design methodologies, usability and usability testing, intelligent interfaces and adaptive interfaces among others. In this research, the main focus is Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), also known as groupware. CSCW focuses on how groups of people work or interact together by incorporating computational technologies. HCI has developed in general to have in mind factors like organizational, institutional and societal affects on how computer systems are merged and how the users interact with systems. This has increasingly become essential since systems nowadays are no longer single-user, but internet-wide in their use. This research will largely view HCI in its broader context. This is concerning how HCI is not only about client interfaces but also concerning the client interaction of frameworks: how folks r ecognize and understand explanations and study about, and respond and acclimate to advanced advances. First we require a working definition of privacy, comparing and contrasting privacy concerns with HCI concerns before going deep into HCI research streams.This research revolves around two somewhat amorphous terms, â€Å"privacy† and â€Å"HCI†. There has already been an introduction of HCI, together with its main concerns of enhancing ease of use and the overall user experience. On the other hand, privacy as a term is broader.

What impact does globalisation have on the environment Essay

What impact does globalisation have on the environment - Essay Example tinational enterprises (MNEs) can profit substantially from the consequent cross-country variations in environmental regulations by transferring the capacity of production to those nations most agreeable to make use of loose environmental policies as an encouragement for investment. Confronted with the possibility of an industrial flight, the debate goes on, countries are compelled to join a ‘race to the bottom’ and develop into ‘pollution havens’ or compromise high incidences of unemployment and the attrition of their tax base.2 In a sense then, globalisation weakens the ability of the government to safeguard the environment through corporate behaviour regulation. Conversely, advocates of globalisation argue that lower trade barriers and FDI motivate corporations to move environmental technologies as well as management systems from nation-states with more stringent environmental policies to developing nations, which cannot manage to acquire environmental technologies and capacities. The failure of the government to safeguard the environment, it is proposed in this assumption, could also be improved through self-regulation of firms’ environmental conduct in developing nations.3 Self-regulation â€Å"refers to a firm’s adoption of environmental performance standards or environmental management systems (EMS) beyond the requirements of governmental regulations.†4 Globalisation has the capability to boost pressures in self-regulation in various ways. Primarily, globalisation raises the investment of MNEs in developing nations wherein their subsidiaries can self-regulate their own environmental conduct more than that of the capacity of local firms.5 Moreover, MNEs can move their more sophisticated environmental technologies as well as their management systems designed to adjust to the stricter regulations in developed nations to their subsidiaries. Also, MNEs confront demands from interest groups to perk up their international environmental

Europe spices - food and history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Europe spices - food and history - Essay Example All this was a way to disguise the often nasty odour and taste of food. Spices refer to the pungent or aromatic fruits, seeds, bark and other vegetable materials used to flavour, preserve or colour food. As a result, spices have often cast an enchantment on individuals’ imaginations. They have for a long period flattered people’s senses. Spices flattered people’s sight with their vivacious colours, smell with alluring fragrances, and taste with different and exceptional flavours. It is because of the search for spices that adventures, such as that of Christopher Columbus, took place. The search for spices and better ways to obtain them triggered the age of exploration and identification of new regions. The sources of spices were known by the Europeans, but relied on the Arabs in order to access them. The Europeans also wanted a direct route to reach the spices and it is for this reason that early explorers set their trail in search of spices. Early explorers such as Ferdinand Magellan, Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama were the fir st European explorers who started their journeys to identify the sources of spices. They were later joined by Columbus 1492 in search of the source of spices. Da Gama was one of the successful explorers and went back to Europe with cinnamon, cloves, peppercorns, and nutmegs from India and Africa (Keay 2006). Among all the goods that were traded in the ancient times, spices most significantly impacted history since they put Europe on the chase for ultimate foreign conquest, a downfall whose failure and success influence every element of modern world politics (Anderson 2007). The desire for spices inspired the commencement of the European colonial experience, a vigour that reshaped European politics, demography, ecology, economy and culture. In this regard, this paper will give a chronological account of the history of spices in Europe through the ancient

The relationship between a Toucans beak and new materials Essay

The relationship between a Toucans beak and new materials - Essay Example An example of such natural inspirations is the toucan’s beak. This is a great natural phenomenon that has attracted much attention from material engineers as they try to study its properties and understand the factors behind its unique features. The toucan’s beak is long and thick, and is perceived to be heavy for the bird though it is relatively light despite its size (Seki, Kad Benson & Meyers, 2006). The toucan’s beak is a third of the bird’s length, about 1/20 it’s mass, and has been proven to possess great stiffness (Seki, Schneider & Meyers, 2005). A study of the bird’s beak found it to be made of a sandwich composite with keratin on its outside and close calcium cells rich proteins making a fibrous network (Seki, Schneider & Meyers, 2005). Moreover, the closed cell making the bird’s beak has fibers with a young modulus of more than twice as high as the keratin shell on the outside due to the calcium content. Therefore, such biological materials when well-studied inspires engineers to come up with materials that correspond to the beak, which incidentally would offer similar characteristics and qualities in engineering materials , resulting to superior materials for specific us age. For example the length of a toucan’s beak and its size in relation to its light weight inspire engineers to come up with martials with a keratin coating on the outside, fibrous networks on the inside, plus an added calcium layer to achieve the strength and flexibility portrayed by a toucan bird, but still meet the need to have such a large component with light weight. In the construction industry where flexible materials are essential, such toucan’s beak offers a great inspiration for engineers to come up with similar materials, which will offer more flexibility, will be much light compared to its size, will possess great strength, and which will absorb high impacts (Biomimicry Institute 2013). Such materials

Relationship between literature, ehnicity and immigration Essay

Relationship between literature, ehnicity and immigration - Essay Example It is an observation that since ancient times, immigration remained a major activity of humans around the globe who used to travel from one region to another in search of food, shelter, employment, and several other facilities. In the result, this activity has enjoyed significant importance in every aspect of human life, and that is observable in huge amount of literature that indicates significance of immigration and its effects on different aspects of societies globally. This briefly allows the researcher to identify the relationship between immigration and literature, as the later one has always played the role of providing commentary regarding different cultural and social aspects related to the process of immigration during different eras. In addition, it is an understanding that literature has also been responsible for promoting or discouraging immigration in certain regions, and thus, both enjoy a strong relationship with each other. On the other hand, ethnicity is another imperative notion of human society that refers to the social concept that enables individuals or a group of people to identify each other based on language, culture, or ideology. In particular, analysis (Suls, pp. 33-38) has indicated that literature has been an important factor when it comes to ethnicity, as ethnic groups consider literature as one of their fundamental evidences to prove their ethnicity, and thus, literature and ethnicity exist in an interconnecting relationship with each other. Moreover, if one looks at the relationship of ethnicity and immigration, scrutiny of different sources has pointed out that immigration plays a crucial role in determining ethnicity of different group of people. For instance, when a group of people migrates from one country to another reason for any particular reason, the future generations of same group identify themselves in midst of two ethnicities, one existing in literature connecting them with th eir forefathers, and on the other hand, one existing in their society where they opened their eyes and grew up. In this regard, both literature and immigration are significant factors to contribute in alteration of ethnicity in a society, whereas, both immigration and ethnicity causes changes in literature, and similarly, literature and ethnicity has always become a reason of immigration in different parts of the globe. Therefore, it will be appropriate to state that all three notions of literature, ethnicity, and immigration enjoy a triangular relationship, where they interrelate with each other in different aspects. Examination of different sources (Suls, pp. 59-64) has indicated that literature related to immigration has always referred to historical and cultural models and techniques to understand its different features. In addition, literature and studies related to ethnicity have indicated dominance of similar models that indicates the relationship of the two with the literatu re. Another factor of their similar relationship with literature is their similar propensity towards ignoring social and cultural structures on micro or individual level. However, there have been instances where experts have suggested for a psychological scrutiny of different aspects of ethnicity and immigration and their impact on micro level; however, results have pointed out that both exist on macro level, and thus, majority of literature has indicated their construction as a macro component of human society. In order to understand the relationship of literature, ethnicity, and immigration further, the paper will now include analysis of the relationship based on theory of social identity by Tajfel (pp. 23-25) that will be effective in

Assessments in a care environment Essay Example for Free

Assessments in a care environment Essay Although there are many hazards that could be potential risks in the food environment in a hospital, there are a few which have the highest risk of  occurring and could then cause the most harm to both the service users and service providers. Whilst preparing and cutting vegetables, there is a risk that someone could cut themselves with a sharp knife or cutting equipment. Although the likelihood of this happening could be quite high when there is a lack of training involved, the severity of the injury or damage to health would be quite low considering many injuries that occur this way would be easily seen to and treated by the first aider or the person in charge. However, to prevent this risk occurring at all, all staff should be supplied with the appropriate equipment they should use and training so they are aware of how to handle the equipment in the right manor. A low level of sanitation in a food environment could cause there to be a wider and much quicker spread of bacteria through the food and surfaces which could prove to be harmful, especially in a hospital environment. Due to health and safety regulations being followed by all caring establishments, the likelihood of this happening would be a 2. However if there weren’t regulations being followed by the hospital and this was to occur then the severity could potentially be a 4/5 as the spread of bacteria in a hospital setting would be made worse when considering the weaker people in the hospital and those whose immune systems wouldn’t be able to fight off bad bacteria as well as other and could get sick or their condition could worsen if they already are sick. To prevent this all supervisors should ensure legislations, policies and procedures are being followed at all times to ensure maximum sanitation and cleanliness. Due to the wide variety of people consuming the food in the hospital, it would be vital to take into consideration allergies some people may have and to ensure they are not given food that contains or has been made in the same area as the food they are allergic to. Although the likelihood of this happening is just a 3 due to the fact all staff should adhere to procedures and take into consideration peoples allergies anyway, the severity of this if it occurs could be a 4/5 due to the fact allergic reactions could potentially severe and some cases could even lead to death. To ensure all precautions are taken with these activities and to minimise the risks which could occur from the hazards there are many things that can be done or put into place and thus prevent patients, staff or visitors from  harm. Firstly, to prevent somebody cutting themselves while they are preparing food they should be given training before hand to ensure they are aware of how to use the equipment appropriately and make sure they know which piece of equipment is the most appropriate for the type of food they are preparing. Under the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy it states that all employers have duties concerning the provisions and use of PPE at work and should provide safety training to ensure no members of staff come to any harm (hse.gov.uk, 2015). To prevent the spread of bacteria and ensure the safety of everyone who is to consume the food available, all staff should also be given training on the appropriate ways and places to store food at the right temperatures to ensure the risk of bacteria growth is minimised. Managers of businesses or areas dealing with food have a duty to ensure all food is safe to eat, all harmful or out of date food is removed and unable to be consumed and records should be kept of where the food was bought from to provide evidence if needed. This emphasises the importance of how the Food safety act 1990 should be put into place to ensure the employers and employees stick to their duties to ensure maximum safety for service users. Also hand sanitiser should be provided and available around the hospital including the kitchen to prevent cross contamination that way (legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Finally, to ensure the safety of patients and minimise the risk of something fatal happening to them, all allergies they have to foods should be recorded down and available to all kitchen staff who will be preparing food. These records should be checked regularly and all food should be prepared on separate work surfaces or chopping boards to reduce the risk of cross contamination and any allergic reactions occurring. Physical exercise class Although many form of exercise and physical movement for many patients would be greatly beneficial to their health and wellbeing, it could also prove to provide more harm to health than good if precautions are not taken. Spilt water on the floor where someone may be exercising could prove to be harmful and cause damage to their health if it isn’t seen and cleaned up by someone. Although there is just a likelihood of just 2, the severity could potentially be 3 as an injury to someone in a hospital who could be elderly  could be fatal and cause serious damage to their weak bones and skin. To minimise to risk you could put control measures into place including not allowing any food or drink to be consumed in the exercise area and to have a separate room for them to be stored. Too much exercise for some patients could over work them and cause an injury to their health if it is repeated. Exercise can cause a vast increase in both heart rate and blood pressure and could lead to ma ny serious problems if an elderly patient is doing too much. The likelihood of this causing harm to patients is 1 as both patients and staff should be aware of when too much exercise is being done and if they’re working too hard. However, if this was to occur, the severity would be 5 as weaker elderly patients could suffer from a heart attack or stroke over time if they aren’t being monitored on what exercise they’re doing and the effect it is having on their health. To control this all service providers involved in the physical activities and wellbeing of the patients should know and keep records of any conditions the patients may have which could lead to adverse effects or weaken them. All patient files should have records of what exercise patients have done to ensure they do enough to stay health but not too much that they cause themselves harm or injury. There should also be multiple members of staff observing exercise sessions to keep an eye on those more likely to over work themselves. If patients are showed how to warm up and down properly then they could injure themselves more then what they would if they warmed up. Also, if the exercise is too harsh and causes patients to have to put a lot of effort in just to complete tasks then the severity should be decreased to allow them better health. This would also help prevent a majority of excess aches and pains that would come from treating their body too harshly. Because of possible high severity of an incident is water was spilt during an exercise class, precautions should be put into place to minimise this risk and decrease the likelihood of it ever happening and injuring a patient. If drinks are restricted to one particular area or room away from where the exercise is taking place then there would be a decrease in the risk of anything being spilt in certain areas. Also if patients doing the exercise were given regular breaks to have a drink and a rest they would prevent spillages as well as prevent any pains occurring by doing too much exercise.  Secondly, the amount of exercise each individual patient is able to do would be subjective on the individual and therefore not all the patients should be forced into doing as much as others may do if they are less capable. Each patients amount of exercise should be monitored and recorded to ensure they get the right amount but are not getting too much. Also by monitoring them it would be easier to identify if any of the patients are struggling with any of the exercise methods or are in too much pain to carry on. This also applies to the third point made. The patients shouldn’t be doing exercise which is too harsh for them to carry out or if they don’t completely understand what they are doing because they could do it wrong and injure themselves severely. By allowing them to warm up and down before and after they carry out exercises and by showing them how to carry it out appropriately would lower the risk of injury and allow them to enjoy it instead of being in pain. Visiting Times Visiting hours are the busiest times in a hospital and so could potentially have many hazards involved in allowing people in and out of the hospital without appropriate precautions taken. Poor sanitation from new visitors could potentially be a big problem in a hospital as bacteria will be being bought into the wards and could enhance the spread of infections or diseases. Due to the fact a hospital has a wide variety of patients including elderly and those who have recently had surgery (meaning they may also have open wounds) the spread of bacteria could be hazardous to their health and the healing process of their injuries/wounds. The Likelihood of this happening would be 2 which is significantly low considering the change of law in 1995 which ‘provided specific recommendations to promote improved hand-hygiene practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and personnel in health-care settings’ (Cdn.gov,2014). However the severity of a lack of sanitation would potentially be a 4/5 as the spread of bacteria and therefore infections and diseases could be harmful to people’s health and if unable to fight it off, it could possibly even shut down some peoples immune systems. To minimise the risks of this there should be hand sanitizer and hand was stations placed all around the hospital with signs so the visitors remember to clean their hands and kill off unwanted  bacteria. Security is a vital party of a hospital to ensure the safety of everyone in the building. Without a high level of security around the hospital anyone would have access into and out of the building that may not be authorised. This could mean unwanted visitors may come in and read documents they are unauthorised to, or even confused elderly patients may get out without realising it and end up injuring themselves outside without anyone there to help. This hazard would have a likelihood of 1 and a severity of a potential 4/5 because, although it is very unlikely to happen in a hospital, if a patient were to get out they could get themselves into all sorts of trouble and not realise the danger of traffic outside causing fatal injuries or maybe even death. CCTV should be in place to monitor people in the hospital and all wards should be locked so only authorised people are able to enter and exit. Damage to property could occur during visiting hours as the hospital will be crowded with a variety of people, patients and staff which could cause some things to be damaged or broken, especially when there are a large number of visitors at one time. Although this would not directly affect the health of service users or service providers, it is a hazard to the hospital and would cost a lot of money in repairs each year if there are no control measures in place. CCTV would help monitor any damage that would occur and the person behind the damage; however there should also be signs around the hospital reminding visitors to stay orderly and respectful at all times on the wards and around the building. Due to the fact that so many different people will be entering and leaving the hospital, they could be carrying many different types of bacteria into the hospital which could cause a higher risk of the spread of infection. By providing hand sanitiser and making it widely available around the hospital and wards, all visitors and people who enter the hospital will be able to reduce the amount of bacteria they are bringing in and reduce the risk of infection. There is a hand hygiene policy which should be put into place in the hospital to ensure the safety of patients and visitors. It is well known that hand hygiene is one of the most important factors in preventing the spread of infection and the unwashed hands of all healthcare professionals and visitors is the most important route of cross-infection in the  healthcare environment (Ayliffe at al, 2000). Secondly, there should be an appropriate amount of security in and around the hospital to ensure only authorised people are getting in and out of the building. CCTV cameras should be working and placed all around the building and there should be security systems put in places at all of the entrances and exits to ensure the risk of unwanted visitors or patients getting out is minimised. This would also lower the risk of any property being damaged and if it does occur it would allow the staff to look back over the footage and identify who was at fault for any damages that occur. Although the likelihood of these occurring is predictably low, it would decrease the severity of incidents which occur as it would allow people to be identified and things could be managed before they get out of hand. Dispensing of medicines Prescribing and dispensing medicine is a vital role in hospitals to ensure all patients get the medication they need to help them recover, however there could be many possible hazards involved with dispensing medicines that could cause harm to patients and their health. Prescribing patients with the wrong dosage of medication is a possible hazard as it could lead to the patient having an overdose or having serious health problems afterwards. Although the likelihood is low the severity if this does occur is high as the health effects would be very negative and put patients health into a decline. To prevent this all patients records should be checked beforehand to ensure they are being prescribed the right amount, also the medication should be double checked before being handed to the patient to ensure no mistakes have been made. If medication is left on the side it could be consumed by someone who doesn’t need it, by a visitor not knowing what it is or even by a child who mista kes them for sweets. This could cause great harm as someone who takes them could overdose and it would have negative effects on their health if taken in large quantities, especially to a child. All medication should be locked away in a cupboard or be handled/observed by a nurse or doctor at all times to ensure no one can take them when they don’t need to or accidently. Needles could be a hazard in a hospital if not used correctly or if a nurse slips while holding one. If found left lying around someone could use one and pierce their skin injecting themselves with  something they don’t know about, or even risking infection by finding a dirty needle and using that. Also if a nurse slips whilst holding on they could injure themselves or the patient by accidently stabbing the skin. This isn’t very likely to happen as all nurses should be provided the appropriate training on how to handle needles and dangerous equipment so they don’t make a mistake. Also, all needles should be di sposed of immediately after use so they cannot be used again and cause cross-contamination. The severity for all hazards which could occur for dispensing medicines are all high and so to reduce the risk of anything serious happening or anyone being injured, policies and procedures must be put into place to ensure people’s safety in the hospital. All patient records must be checked before they are prescribed with a medicine to ensure they are provided with the right type of medicine and the right dosage. If this is done wrong it could potentially eventually lead to death for an unfortunate patient and so the dispensing of medicines policy should be put into place. The policy states that all medication should be stored, administered and disposed of appropriately to ensure minimum harm and training must be given to staff to make sure they understand how vital and critical their role could be (oxfordshireccg.nhs, 2013). All medication must be locked away and not left lying around the hospital to ensure only the appropriate staff members who have had training are able to access it and no children or vulnerable people are able to pick it up off the side and take medication which could make them sick. Finally, it is evident that needles are dangerous pieces of equipment if mishandled or in the wrong hands and so the dispensing of medicines policy should be ensured and put into place because of this fact also. All used and unwanted needles should be disposed of immediately instead of being left lying around and all staff should have training before they start in their role to ensure they know how to handle a needle and to make sure they don’t injure themselves or anyone else with one (goshospital, 2015). Moving patients between wards Naturally there would be many risks involved with carrying out this activity as there are a lot of precautions that would needed to be adhered to to make  it successful. There could also be many complications to consider if you were moving an elderly, weak or disorientated patient. The likelihood of any of the hazards occurring is low due to training the staff have and regulations they follow to ensure safety. Using the appropriate equipment is vital when moving a patient between wards as it would assist to lift and transport the patient without causing any harm to the health of either the patient or the member of staff. If a nurse is moving a patient on their own without a hoist or any help, they could injure their back by not lifting properly or injure the patient if they’re lifted in the wrong way. According to the manual handling regulations 1992 all staff should be provided with PPE and training on how to carry out tasks like these to avoid injuries or harm. The likelihood of any harm occurring is low if the regulation is followed however the severity could be 3 as the damage it could cause may need special attention. Dropping patients would be a risk if they are heavy or awkward to lift between one place to another. The severity of this if it happens would be quite high depending on the state of the patient, especially if the patient being moved is elderly or fragile, they could easily break a bone or more damage would be caused if they are dropped. Busy corridors during visiting hours could cause complications when moving a patient as it would make it a lot harder. If some of the corridors or lifts are busy you would not be able to move the patient as quickly and efficiently as liked/needed. Also, if there are people milling about the corridors it would be easier for the patient to be knocked over or injured by accident. The severity of something happening while a patient is being moved between the hospital is on average 2.5 which could be severe in the wrong situations and so staff must be provided with the right equipment and training to prevent the risk of injury or the likelihood of anything happening. Under the personal protective equipment policy it states that all staff members should be provided with the correct equipment to carry out tasks to prevent injury to themselves and the other person involved (hse.gov.uk, 2015). This could include someone like a hoist to prevent injury to the staff members back and to ensure that the patient is being lifted properly. Although dropping a patient has a low likelihood and may not happen easily, if it  does it could be severely fatal to the patient and cause them a lot of injuries. The risk of this happening would also be minimised if the correct equipment was provided to ensure the staff member doesn’t assert strain on their back/ body and it ensure that there is enough power to lift the patient, especially if the member of staff isn’t very strong. Finally to make it easier to move patients it should be done when the hospital isn’t busy so there are no visitors mulling around and getting in the way. References Hse.gov.uk, (2015). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). [online] Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Gov.uk, (2015). Food safety your responsibilities GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/food-safety-your-responsibilities/food-safety [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Legislation.gov.uk, (2015). Food Safety Act 1990. [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/16/contents [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Hospital, G. (2015). Sharps: disposal of used sharps Clinical guidelines Health professionals Great Ormond Street Hospital. [online] Gosh.nhs.uk. Available at: http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/health-professionals/clinical-guidelines/sharps-disposal-of-used-sharps/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015].

Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped?

Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped? Right now, Rs. 52,941 is the debt which is on the shoulders of each and every Pakistan, where total external and internal debt Pakistan today accountable is Rupees Nine trillion. Where as in the mid-nineties, the same figure was Rupees 30,000 which was to be borne by each Pakistani citizen. The government of PM Nawaz Shareef came up with an initiative of Qarz Utaro Scheme which somehow gave a relieving cushion to the debt servicing piles. Right now there is a total financial dichotomy in the country. In these worsening situations, it is again said that national treasury is facing an additional burden of Rupees 14 billion due to 12 percent increase in military pensions in 2007-2008  [3]  . On the other side of the coin, futuristic look is giving much cynical and gloomy representation as the total external debt is likely to soar by more than 43 per cent over the next five years, to about $73 billion in 2015-16 from about $50.76 billion early this year  [4]  . Though the incapability and powerlessness of numerous countries to use the provided external supply in terms of aid or debt, it is further attributed to many other characteristic factors, the insufficient and scarce absorptive competence is termed as the rule of thumb applicable in many UDCs as a limitation on the well-organized and proficient utilization of external resources. The normal debt indicators which are commonly practiced in Pakistan are: Debt : GNP ratio Debt : Debt Service Liability Debt : Foreign Exchange Earnings CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW (Ashfaq, 2005) in his research (Aid Effectiveness, Debt Capacity and Debt Management in the Economy of Pakistan) discusses that discrete views are prevailing concerning the usefulness of external assistance to the UDCs. As many of the researchers and economist say that aid and debt is much useful in lessening the monetary tailback and blockage to enlargement of many developing countries like Pakistan, no matter the essence of taking assistance is satisfied or not (for example Cassen 1994, G. Papanek 1972, etc). The challengers declare that foreign assistance either in terms of aid or debt always caused disastrous affects on the maturity of the recipient country. A number of gives a moderate point of views on the same debate. The association linking external debt and economic escalation has been observed broadly in recent years. These studies have mostly focused on the destructive influence of a countrys debt overhang which means the addition of a stockpile of liability so hefty as to terrorize the countrys ability to pay back its precedent loan. The theme of the research is to see how and to what degree the foreign assistance has and debt affected the economy. It is to analyze the external assistance and resources in terms of its dynamic and fruitful role in the economy and as a bridge of expansion and growth or vice versa. The main idea is to check and estimate the effectiveness of foreign air and external debt in the country and the researcher seek to determine whether further resources linked with external assistance have in point of fact brought some kind of revolution in the economy or the situation is completely opposite of what it should be. The research will also investigate the position of debt lumber on Pakistan, giving extreme importance given on Pakistans competence in debt servicing and its retirement; in the light of major problems in debt management practices creating worst economic shape of the country. ( Hayat et al, 2010) discuss in their research (External debt and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan) of the known fact to everyone that Pakistan does not enjoy a good repute for aid and external debt. It has almost unmatchable witnesses of significant economic assistance from about each part of the globe. He further argues that Since Pakistans emergence of world map; it is facing crucial problems in balance of payments deficit. To finance this balance of payments deficit and loses, Pakistan is heavily relying on external debt. World Bank classified Pakistan as severely indebted country of South Asia in 2001.Even though, Pakistan shows a mushroom growth in its economy in the presence of serious economic and highest degree of political in-stability. Although it also showed variability with the passage of time but the situation at this point in time is worse where the growth rate of GDP is just 2% which was 7% in 2007. The outstanding stock of external debt swelled by a huge sum of Rupees 1095.1 billion in FY09, registering a growth of 36.1 percent against 28.9 percent in FY08. As far as debt is related, International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt further damager the condition. The rise in debt stock of IMF by US$ 3.8 billion was the major factor for rise in total debt stock during FY09. As discussed earlier, facing severe balance of payments problems the government had approached the IMF for a US$7.6 billion Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) loan which was approved by the IMF board in November 2008. The IMF has also acceded to government of Pakistans additional request for US$3.2 billion, which has increased the total assistance to $11.3 billion. The bad and declining economic conditions also creates problems in Pakistan foreign exchange re serves. It was $ 14 Billion in June 2007 showing a drastic decline of 75.71% by the mid of 2010 to just $ 3.4 Billion. Prior to the events of September 11, 2001, Pakistans economy was caught in a vicious debt trap. U.S. bilateral aid to Pakistan started in 1951. Pakistan, in total, received a massive amount of $2 billion dollars between 1953 and 1961. On the other side, by the early 1960s, aid reached $400 million per year. At the peak level, we get to know that in the first phase of the same decade, only United Stated provided fifty percent of the total aid Pakistan was receiving; which covered one third of the development budget and financed more than half of the import bill. It was the time by 1982, US was givibg $ 5.1 Billion to Pakistan as aid on annual basis. (Ibrahim, 2009) in his research (U.S. aid to Pakistan-U.S. Tax payers have funded Pakistani corruption) discussed the situation getting further worse when sanctions were imposed by the G-8 countries on bilateral and multilateral lending as a consequence of Pakistans nuclear tests in May 1998 and subsequently because of the military coup in October 1999. Pakistan was able to reschedule US $ 3.96 billion of its bi-lateral liabilities through the Paris Club in 2000. The reschedule was, however, on short-term basis and dependent on the IMF agreement, which was being finalized at the time with all its stringent conditionality. The post September 11, 2001, events once again brought Pakistan into the limelight of global geo-strategic interests. The most significant benefit which Pakistan attained vis-à  -vis its external debt problem was the restructuring agreement with the Paris Club in December 2001. Under the agreement, the debt repayment period was extended to a span of 38 years with a grace period of 15 years. This means that Pakistans debt servicing liabilities will decline by US $ 2.7 billion between 2002 and 2004 and according to the State Bank; the net present value of external debt is expected to decline somewhere between 27 and 43 per cent between 2002 and 2017. All these problems faced by Pakistan are quite alarming and shows a need of taking massive and severe steps to take the position in a controllable mode, as further delay will make Pakistan drift herself into many other financial as well as social issues. (Ahmed, 2010) argued that Pakistan must refuse to pay foreign debt payment and spend the same amount on relief and rehabilitation of people affected from recent flood and terrorism. He said that 20 Million populations have got effected from the angry flood which are a crucial part of $ 54 Billion foreign debt yet to be paid back with interest. People in Pakistan are already facing unemployment, hunger and worst hardships and the episode of the flood creating massive problems for such a huge number of populations is again devastating. Therefore, Pakistan is greatly unable to service its debt liability. Pakistan spends $ 3 Billion every year on its debt servicing where Pakistans debt-to-GDP ratio has skipped the massive height of 61% this fiscal year. Government is sometimes talking of cutting development budget and reduces subsidies on the call of IMF. The situation according to him is getting more badly where Government is talking about levying flood tax on the poor people of Pakista n. Despite of taking such steps, Pakistans government should take serious steps in the eradication of such problems by cutting military and capital budgets. (Haider Mullick, 2004) discusses the fact that though Pakistan has been a front-line ally to The United States for the war on terrorism to curb the threats on the US soil; but received a sum of $2.4 billion in foreign aid  [5]  . He further argues that after the terrorist attacks on the WTC on September 11, 2001 many of the rich and developed nations pondered over the fact that foreign aid to UDCs has now turned to a new phenomenon with a blend of new priority and importance unlike previous times. All is due to the reason of such UDCs falling into the hands of radical extremists and fanatics which finance the poor and misuse their status of poverty. It is just due to the Pakistans involvement to help the US and NATO forces to defeat the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the US are allocating massive aid in an injecting manner similar to 80s. But the end result could become much fierce. There can be a financial dead-lock in the country if the US and NATO move out of the Afghan lan d in next 10 years. Our system in Pakistan will be so dependent on the aid and grants that when it will be removed; there is a growing fear of over all system-collapse. He stresses on the immediate need of autarky and self dependence like India and China. (Martin, 2009) writes in his research about Pakistan Capital Crisis that Pakistans government has reached to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a sum of $ 7.6 B in the form of loans followed by massive hefts of impositions on the economy of Pakistan. Despite of the huge sum, Pakistans financial dichotomy still persists and the state has requested additionally for a sum of $ 4.5 billion. He states that Pakistan badly affected capital situation is affecting the nations over all economic efficiency and performance leading towards socio-political havoc. He further extends his argument to the debt burden Pakistan is getting in such monetary and socio-economics problems that it will become very difficult for a common Pakistani to win bread for his family. He discusses about different research groups which have recently issued reports on the prevailing circumstances in the country that further recommends on the actions that the United States can do to help an improv ed economic system. He indicates the role of Congress that may consider many of the recommendations and take severe actions to increase in USs non-military assistance and establishment of reconstruction opportunity zones in the country. It is barely on the mercy of time which will show the effectiveness of what such recommendations will bring; prosperity or disaster. The US is interested in a firm and established democratic Pakistan which can act as a front-line ally to the US interests in Afghanistan and South Asia. The US wants to assist Pakistan on the basis of regional and global terrorism which is the major threat to the US after September 11, 2001. Now, the US think-tanks are pondering over the fact that a financial stalemate in the country will might weaken multilateral endeavors to soothe South Asia and restrain the growing emergence of Islamic extremism; so there is an immediate need of capital assistance in a rapid and quick way. (Momani, 2004) discusses the Triad focusing on Pakistan, The IMF and The U.S. War on Terrosism. She argues the basic question that did The U.S intrude to approve the final payout of Pakistans IMF as a prize to support the United States war on terrorism? It is a rule of thumb that The IMF has been always politicized to attain foreign policy objectives which are important to the U.S. It is a matter of fact that Pakistans loans approval was immediately given after 9/11 attacks by the IMF but was scheduled for the approval by the executive board of IMF. The overall situation gets clumsy as there are strong and positive linkages of the United States influence inside the decision makings of The IMF to strongly correlate objectives getting success in the end- Exactly what The United States have been doing to all Under developed countries (UDCs) across the globe. Although there are weak evidences present of the USs influence in the case of Pakistan but the writer argues that The United State s clearly wanted to take a credit for the approved payment by the IMF to the country, getting General Musharraf as a front line ally to attack Afghanistan. (Hameed et al , 2008) discuss how external debt and aid is deteriorating the fiscal and monetary policies of Pakistan. In their research that even in short run or long run; the relationship between debt shamble and economic growth is always negative in the Pakistans history until now. It is clear to every one that debt and debt servicing responsibilities always bring negative productivity as far as labor and capital is concerned. Now, the relationship is causal to the fiscal deficit in the country. When there is a problem in the labor and productivity, there is always a negative impact on the taxation base. On the other hand there are severe problems prevailing as people always look to avoid or evade taxes. The researchers also focused on the need of cutting the above mentioned expenditures drastically so that there should be an adequate cushion given to the injured fiscal structure of the country. They also stressed on the reality that debt service relation tends to affect negativel y GDP and thereby the rate of economic growth in the long-run, which, in turn, reduces the ability of the country to service its debt. Now tax being the foremost and crucial part of the fiscal structure as revenue plays a very important element as far as the capital, development and military expenditures are in question. The researchers claim that external debt is not good for a country in general and Pakistan particularly after a certain limit as piles of interest has to be returned back which further deteriorate the fiscal structure of the country. (Hashmi, 2009) worked on the reflections of Pakistans economy due to the war on terror. On the other hand she also focused on the mutual relationship between the fiscal discrepancies and Pakistans involvement in the War on terror as an ally of the United States. As matter of fact, Pakistan was a heaven for most of the world most renowned investors which always saw Pakistan as place where huge piles of profits are present. There were and still ate many latent demands which people want in their life. Consequently, many of the Multinational companies and other world class organizations were interested in setting up business in Pakistan and importing the raw material in the field of textiles and other services into their own countries. With the invasion of NATO and US troops in Afghanistan, the situation was worse than ever before in the history of Pakistan. All of a sudden all the investors from Pakistan flew away taking all their capital and investment out of the country. Stock markets crashed as due to the war in Afghanistan, all the foreign investors were afraid of loosing their huge chunks of virtues; the virtues which in the end makes Pakistan generates heavy amounts of taxes being used as revenue for the state. There is a worse fiscal and monetary gridlock in the country after facing much socio-economic and political instability. (Burki, 2008) applies the political economic analysis of decision making processes in the donor country to the special case of US aid to Pakistan. Pakistan is not an extremely poor country but nevertheless, it is among the 5 major recipients of foreign aid. Over the last decades, Pakistans aid receipts show considerable shifts for which no obvious development related reasons can be provided. This calls for explanations related to reasons other than developmental efficiency which require a closer look at decision making processes on the donor side. Looking at the United States as the single most important bilateral donor, we draw upon earlier analyses of the effect of lobbying on congressional decision making. Numerous studies, like Coughlin (1985), Tosini and Tower (1987), Harper and Aldrich (1991), Marks (1993) and Baldwin and Magee (1998) empirically tested the hypothesis of domestic lobbies affecting congressional voting behavior with respect to US trade policy. A more recent stud y by Gawanda et al. (2004) also includes the effect of lobbies working for foreign principals, e.g., for foreign governments and foreign business groups. As a result, the external assistance Pakistan has been given was all on the basis of political interests of the donor countries and show minimal or negligible improvement in the economic and fiscal structure of the country. Over the years, the sums of aids and external debts have been getting a sky-high increase but the monetary situation is worse since 1947. He argues that there is a negative relation of aid and foreign debt with the economic uplift of a country, especially in Pakistan where the situation is quite different due to its involvement in war on terror, prevailing corruption, and no productivity due to energy crisis, Minimum subsidies and The IMFs impositions on the poor Pakistani. Results from ineffective use of the money show that unidirectional causality runs from the foreign exchange constraint to the budget deficit and then from the budget deficit to the external debt stock. Bi-directional causality was observed between foreign exchange requirements and the external debt stock. Chapter III 3.0 Theoretical Framework CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY AND CHOICE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE 4.1 Research type In order to conduct my research study the most suitable data I have gathered is secondary in nature collected from reliable and consistent data sources and no primary data has been collected, hence my study will be referred to as secondary research. 4.2 Data type Reference Period Data type is purely secondary in nature as no primary data has been acquired. Reference period for my research is from 1995-2009 Research Hypothesis 4.3.1 Basic Research Hypothesis First Hypothesis Ho: External aid and debt has a negative correlation with the GDP growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009 HA: External aid and debt has a positive correlation with the GDP growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009 Second Hypothesis Ho: Economic growth will not be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to Pakistan HA: Economic growth will be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to Pakistan 4.3.2 Statistical Hypothesis Grants as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has no negative on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Foreign Direct Investment H0: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has insignificant no negative on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²2=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Debt Servicing H0: To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has no positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²3=0 H1: To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Trade Deficit H0: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²4=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Fiscal Deficit H0: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²5=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Saving Investment Gap H0: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²6=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 3.4.1 Variable reference list Dependent Variable External Debt as a percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010) Independent Variables Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Ashfaq, et al 1999) Foreign Direct Investment as a percentage of GDP* (Azam et al, 2009) Balance of Payment as a Percentage of GDP* (Loser, 1977) and (Malik et al, 2010) Exchange rate fluctuation (Mahmood et al , 2009) Capital Flight (Chipalkati , Rishi; 2009) Foreign Aid as a percentage of GDP* (Miles B. Cahill, Paul N. Isely) Saving-Investment Gap percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010) Debt Servicing percentage of GDP* (Clement, et al, 2009) Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Mohammad, 2010) Grants excluding technical assistance percentage of GDP* (Befekadu Degefe ) * as a percentage of GDP is used to gauge the variables in accordance to economic growth of Pakistan Information gathering and sampling procedures Data Sources The data sources for my research study are as follows: WDI Data reliability and internal consistency WDI is a renowned database developed by World Bank. The data from WDI is completely reliable to be used in the research. 3.4.4 Data analysis tools and techniques Multiple regression: To measure the increasing effect of independent variables on the dependent variable and to obtain a single regression line for all variables, which will be further used in hypothesis testing Granger Causality: The researcher would like to identify whether variation in a variable will enclose an impact on changes other variables Scatter Plots: Such plots will also be used for graphical representation of data. 4.1 Statistical Analysis Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDP In this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance (as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of America for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent. T-stat for ÃŽÂ ²1 comes out to be 1.156; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to reject H0, where Hypothesis is: H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDP In this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance (as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of America for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent. As the regression equation is: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 T-stat for ÃŽÂ ²1 comes out to be 1.156; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to reject H0, where Hypothesis is: H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: FDI as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²2=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 As the regression equation is: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 It states that negative change of $ 2.89 in FDI (as a percentage of GDP) adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP. Hence, lesser the FDI, more is the external debt. On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²2 is 1.824; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that FDI (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP) Debt Servicing and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²3=0 H1: To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 As the regression equation suggests: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 A negative change of $ 1.87 in Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP). Hence, lesser the debt retirement is, the more is the external debt piling is seen in Pakistan (1995-2009) On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²3 is 1.442; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Debt Servicing (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Trade Deficit and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²4=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 The regression equation suggests that: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 $ 0.581 change in Trade Deficit (Trade deficit increases i.e. Imports>exports) as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 0.581 External debt as a percentage of GDP. Hence, greater the trade deficit is, the more is external debt evident in Pakistan (1995-2009) On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²4 is 1.311; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Trade Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²5=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 The regression equation suggests that: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 $3.10 change in Fiscal Deficit (i.e. Government Revenues > Government Expenses)as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 1.00 in Pakistans external debt. Hence, greater the fiscal deficit is, the more is external debt is in Pakistan during 1995-2009. On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²4 is 1.834; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Fiscal Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Saving Investment Gap and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Saving Investment gap as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²6=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative correlation

Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay

Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay Late Travel has inaugurated a new travelling business between the airport and the lost town. The travelling options they offer can either their own chauffeured car or a coach service. A database is designed to assist the administration of this new service. The database contains the information pertaining to staff information, customer information, car or couch availability, customer journey and payment details etc. An E-R model is developed based on the above case study and it is normalised into 3NF. A relational database based on the normalised E-R model is produced which demonstrate that your database stores the required data and relationship between different entities. Table of Contents Table of Figures ER Model: conceptual model and logical models Entity relationship model is a database modelling method used to represent the conceptual data. Conceptual data model is prepared when an information system is based on a database, which at the later stage is mapped to logical data model such as relational model which is in turn mapped to the physical model. Identified Entities and their Attributes An entity has a distinct existence which is uniquely identified. An entity can be a house, employee or a car. Entities are described by a set of properties called attributes. Each entity must have the values for its attributes which is uniquely identifiable from other entities in a particular entity set. Following are the entities and its attributes for the Late Travel (LT). Below are the Entities (customer, employee and booking) and there attributes. Attributes of an employee are shown in the figure below. Here Employee_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each employee. Employee Employee_id Employee_address_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_employee_details Figure : Entity (Employee) and its attributes Attributes of the customers are shown in the figure below. Here Customer_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each customer. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Figure : Entity (Customer) and its attributes Attributes of a booking is shown in the figure. Here booking_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each booking by the customer. Customer_id is a foreign key which is mapped to Entity (customer) and outcome_code will provide information whether the booking is cancelled or not. Status_code field will give information whether status is confirmed or waiting, for the customer for particular booking. Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details Figure : Entity (booking) and its attributes Identified Relationships between Entities A relationship is an association among the entities. Relational database model represents the set of relationship of same type. Figure 4 shows the order relationship between a customer and booking. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details order Figure : Relationship set of customer and booking Figure 4 represents the idea that a customer orders a booking for hiring a car or equivalently, a booking is ordered by the customer. Here the another question comes which is whether a customer can order more than one booking or whether booking can be ordered by more than one customer. The question raised is that of cardinality. In fact the example above depicts that customer can order zero or more booking and likewise, a booking may be ordered by zero or more customer. An arrow is used to connect the entities when one-to-one or one-to-many relationship is modelled. Below figure depicts how arrows are used to represent cardinality: One Many One One Many Many Figure : Cardinality In the previous example it is reasonable to expect that a customer can exist without having order a single booking, and conversely, that booking exist even though none have been ordered yet. Therefore none of the entities in an entity set may participate in a particular relationship is partial participation. In contrast to this, an entity set may participation in a relationship. Diagrammatically, this is represented by connecting the entity set to the relationship set with a double line. Figure 6 shows the relationship of an agent to a Late Travel agency which combines both cardinality and participation. It is clearly stated that Late Travel agency can employs zero or more agents, and that an agent must be employed by only Late Travel agency. Late Travel agency Employs Agent Figure : Cardinality and participation constraint Conceptual model A conceptual model is a modelling of concepts and relationship. This term is used from a long time in a database design. It is independent of DBMS and allows easy communication between end users and the developers. Below is the conceptual model of Late Travel showing the entities, attributes and there relationship. Customer customer_id payment_id Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id customer_id car_id outcome_code status_code journey_code date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id booking_id payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id Driver_id Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Conceptual model Above figure shows the conceptual model of Late Travel. The primary objective of the conceptual model is to establish a base understanding of the objects in the system. However it is necessary to create an association among different entities and select their multiplicity. Logical model Logical model represents the abstract structure of information. It is used to display the business process that seeks to capture the importance things usually in the form of a diagram. Some of the benefit of using the logical model is to improve the business process, facilitates reuse of data, gather functional information and decrease the system design cost and time. Figure 7 is already logical as it shows the attributes and relationship among the different entities. All attributes are appearing in a data store. Above diagram is showing the business entities, their inter-relationships, and the cardinality i.e. each customer can order one or more booking of a car for their journey and same way a booking can be ordered by one or more customers-these relationships can be viewed from both ends. Is database is storing the required data? In order to identify whether the database is storing the necessary data, following are the tasks that are needed to be performed in an iterative manner. Identify the entity type. Identify the attributes of the entity. Application of naming convention. Identify relationship among entities. Data model patterns need to be applied. Assign keys such as primary, unique and foreign key. To reduce data redundancy it should be normalized. All these tasks are being performed on this case study Late Travel (LT). Therefore required data is being stored in the database. And as it is already stated that above tasks are needed to be performed in an iterative manner, therefore it is a continuous process. Normalized E-R Model to 3NF Normalization is the way of ensuring that a relational database structure is free from insertion, update and deletion anomalies that might lead to loss of integrity of data. In 1970s E.F. Codd and his team at IBM introduced the concept of relational databases, proposed normalization through several normal forms. Below tables are assigned with the keys. Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id (PK) booking_id (FK) payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code (PK) Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code (PK) outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id (PK) Driver_id (FK) Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Tables of Late Travel First Normal Form (1NF) A relational table X is in 1NF (First Normal form), if it meets certain set of criteria. This criterion ensures that each attribute is single-valued with atomic values. In other words table is free from repeating groups. Now if we check whether the logical model discussed above is in 1NF or not. Lets discuss the employee and customer table. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name employee_phone other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Figure : Employee and customer table As 1NF says that there should be no repeating group but in this case phone number of employee or customer can be more than one. Therefore this relational table is not in first normal form e.g. Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Here, column employee_phone doesnt contains the atomic value therefore in order to make it 1NF separate entity such as customer_phone_num and employee_phone_num is needed to be defined. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Employee_phone employee_id (PK) phone_num Customer_phone customer_id (PK) phone_num Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Driver_phone driver_id (PK) phone_num Figure : Employee, customer and driver table Now all the tables are in First Normal Form as all the columns are having the atomic values. Second Normal Form (2NF) A relational table X is in Second Normal Form when table is in 1NF. A table that is in 1NF must meet the criteria to qualify for the second normal form. This criterion ensures that set of attributes X is functionally dependent on set of attributes Y. For instance, lets look at the booking table: Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Figure : Booking table Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 2 1002 101 2 4 3 25-Mar-10 Here as we can see that, none of its non prime attributes are functionally dependent on a subset of a candidate key. Therefore the tables are already in second normal form. Following are the tables that are designed to store the information regarding customer, employees, car, journey and booking. These tables meet the criteria to be second normal form. Hence there is no need to alter the tables. Third Normal Form (3NF) A relation table X is in second normal form when every non prime attribute R is non-transitively dependent on every key of R. In other words a relationship database is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no non-primary attribute is functionally dependent on another non primary key. Lets look at one of the table journey_details of Late Travel. Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Figure : Journey table Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details 001 331 Airport 500 002 332 Airport 500 Here as we can see that renting rate depends upon the place, therefore this table is not in third normal form. In order to make it in third normal form two separate tables or entities would be created- One containing the journey code, customer_id, place_id and other_details and the other containing the place_id, place_name and renting_rate. Below figure is showing the two tables: Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_id (FK) Other_details Place_details Place_id (PK) Place_name Renting_rate Figure : Journey and place table Now the E-R model is normalized into third normal form (3NF). Now all the tables contain the atomic values and non primary attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. And lastly no non-primary key attribute is functionally dependent on another non-primary key. SQL Queries Below are the different SQL queries which will be mostly used during the management of Late Travel database. Query result is displayed and explained below: Select customer_name, customer_address, date_of_birth, sex, date_became_active from Customer WHERE Date_became_customer > 2010-01-01 Description: This query will display all the active customers since 1st Jan 2010. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of new customers added from a particular date. Output: Expected Output is: customer_name customer_address date_of_birth sex date_became_active John 35, paris road 1988-09-06 male 2010-02-02 Smith 78, dahiya bhavan 1978-07-08 male 2010-03-04 David 109, green park 1980-08-08 male 2010-01-09 Select emp.employee_id ID, emp.employee_name Name, addr.address Address from Employee emp, emp_Address addr WHERE emp.employee_id = addr.employee_id Description: This query will display all the employees with their details. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of all employees. It might possible that at any instance of time it is required to get the information about the employees working in Late Travel. Output: Expected Output is: ID Name Address 1 John 32 James park 2 Mark 45 green avenue 3 Steve 14 Vikas puri Select car.car_id ID, car.car_no Car No., driver.driver_name Driver Name, driver.driver_address Driver Address, FROM Car_details car, Driver_details driver WHERE car.driver_id = driver.driver_id Description: This query will display the information about the particular car like who is the driver, car number etc. Why Needed: This query is important because it is required to get the information about the particular car and the driver who is responsible of handling it. Output: Expected Output is: ID Car No Driver Name Driver Address 1 HGH 7678 Austin 23, Qutub Enclave 2 HKK 101 Preety 44, Hilton 3 NMN 420 Lisa 88, oberios Select * FROM Booking RIGHT JOIN Journey On Booking.customer_id =Journey.customer_id WHERE date_of_booking = 2010-03-24 Description: This query will display all the booking for 24 Mar 2010 with details of journey. Why Needed: This query is the basic one as it shows the booking for a particular date. It will display all the information related to booking for whether car is available or not or booking is confirmed or pending. Output: Expected Output is: Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details Journey_code Place_name Other_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 001 Airport 2 1002 101 2 4 3 24-Mar-10 002 Airport Critical Reflection Whether we use a file or relational database, depends on the nature of the data and how we conceptualize it. There are some major problems and issues arise during the development of the database majorly of data integrity, performance and flexibility. Normally many of the people result into development of database which contains redundant data or insertion, deletion and modification anomalies. In order to understand the normal form, four terms that must be understood are: Dependency Key Domain and Restriction Designing of database plays an important role in integrity and reliability of the data, therefore it is necessary to carefully inspect the database structure, entities and their relationship. Conclusion A database is designed for Late Travel (LT) which is used to store the information related to employee, customer, journey, payment, car and driver details. A conceptual and E-R diagram is developed based on the above case study, showing the relationship among different entities. All the tables are normalized into the third normal form and then the set of queries are fired to show the retrieval of information from database.